Lab Scale Preparation of Gypsum Wallboard

Lab Scale Preparation of Gypsum Wallboard STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PROPOSED RESEARCH (State succinctly the problem which is to be addressed. Clearly outline the importance of the problem, the originality of the approach and the impact it may have on the field if successful. Give an overview of the broader significance as well as the immediate impact of this research.) The main purpose of this research is to create a gypsum wallboard with enhanced fire resistant property. Gypsum owns a property of combined water content, is a noncombustible and acts as effective fire proofing material. When heat from fire comes in contact with a plaster wall (or gypsum wallboard), it begins to lose combined water as steam thus making the hemihydrate form of gypsum (stucco) rehydrated and it reverts back to dihydrate. Wide range requirements such as fire resistant, increase moisture resistant can be achieved by the use of different calcining methods and additives. The wide applicability of gypsum is in construction. It is also used in the chemical industries In producing the fire resistant gypsum wallboards, the various properties of GWB like thermal, physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics are to be studied which plays a major role in controlling the spread of fire in buildings. Gypsum wallboard consists mainly of gypsum i.e. calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaSO4.2H2O. Calcium sulfate in nature is mostly available in two forms: Calcium sulfate dihydrate is commonly referred as gypsum, which is one of the oldest construction materials. It naturally occurs in sedimentary deposits from ancient sea beds. The most distinguishing feature of Gypsum is that it is moderately soluble in water at room temperature and exhibits a special feature of retrograde solubility i.e. gypsum becomes less soluble at elevated temperatures. Another form of calcium sulfate is the calcium sulfate anhydrite. At a temperature of 58 ËÅ ¡C Gypsum and Anhydrite coexist, also the anhydrite exhibits the strong retrograde property but it does not revert back to gypsum as its solubility decreases with increasing temperature. Gypsum wallboard is used to make interior walls and ceilings in residential and commercial applications that often require specific fire rated assemblies. Various types of gypsum wallboard are manufactured, with the most common variety and specialized varieties such as fire resistant, water resistant, and plaster lath. Combination of beta hemihydrates stucco, water and other additives form slurry which is used in the manufacture of the gypsum wallboard. Additives such as asphalt emulsion, vermiculite, chopped fiberglass and paper fiber impart to the wallboard characteristics such as water resistance, fire resistance and strength. The fire resistance property is mainly attributed to the absorption of energy related with the loss of hydrate water going from the dihydrate (CaSo4.2H2O) and from the hemihydrates to the anhydrous form (CaSo4). Impinging heat of gypsum wallboards initially operates to reverse the hydration reaction resulting in controlling the spread of fire and penetration of flame through set gypsum structures. Fire resistance can be achieved by using appropriate additives such as fiber, glass textile fibers, vermiculite, which expands when heated, which acts against the gypsum shrinkage. Because of its worldwide occurrence and huge potential reserves, however its uses are not considered basic to survival in a national emergency, gypsum is not considered a strategic mineral. This has permitted natural economic factors to prevail in the development of the mineral worldwide, which overall is a healthy situation that should continue to prevail. PLAN OF PROCEDURE (Outline the initial approach to the problem and its feasibility. Point out innovative features, relate it to previous work including pertinent references, and indicate how this plan may contribute to the solution of the broader problem proposed.) Gypsum manufacturing process consists of three main steps (1) rock preparation, (2) calcining and (3) formulating and manufacturing. Though we start with buying the gypsum material from one of the providers so the next important step ahead is the calcination process. Gypsum is usually referred to be CaSO4.2H2O. Calcium sulfate dIiydrate undergoes calcination to form hemihydrate (CaSO41/2H2O) or anhydrous form (CaSO4). Initially the calcination process was achieved by heating the raw gypsum material in an open environment, later on with the development in science calcination was achieved by heating the gypsum material in a kiln. Kinetic studies of calcination process plays an important role in determining the gypsum product parameters. We are interested in knowing the time, temperature and rate at which the calcination process can be achieved. Initially a small amount of the gypsum material is taken and X- Ray diffraction studies are conducted on it to know its composition i.e. CaSO4. 2H2O or CaSO41/2 H2O or CaSO4 .Later after determining the form of gypsum material, thermogravimetric studies (used for the determination of weight change at different temperatures and time) are conducted on the CaSO4.2H2O to determine the temperature and time required to convert from dihydrate form to hemihydrate and anhydrite form. Again the obtained product is first subjected to XRD and SEM studies to investigate the state of gypsum i.e. dihydrate, hemihydrate or anhydrous form. This can be studied by interpreting the obtained results with the earlier established results. Later gypsum powder is subjected to different temperatures at different time intervals to determine the time and temperature required for the calcination process to finish by using Thermogravimetric Analysis Instrument also Differential Scanning Calorimetry (which determines the melting and boiling temperatures) studies are also conducted to know the melting temperatures of the product Until now the calcination process is studied by using a very small amount of the sample in a laboratory environment, the obtained results from these experiments is used to correlate with the calcination process which is done in hot air oven by using a large amount of samples. The temperature obtained from the thermogravimetric studies is used as basis for the calcination process in hot air oven. These studies are done to know the reproducibility for large scale samples. This encompasses the first step in our research. The importance of these kinetic studies related to calcination is very useful to determine the conditions for achieving the hemi hydride from calcium sulfate which undergoes rehydration process i.e is addition of water molecules to the hemi hydride form to form the gypsum wallboard. Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO41/2H2O) or Calcium sulfate anhydrite (CaSO4) undergoes rehydration in the presence of water. Rehydration plays an important role as it allows to add the additives such as glass material, vermiculite etc. to the slurry which is referred as stucco. Chemically stucco is referred as the hemihydrate form of CaSO4. These additives are added to increase the fire resistant property in addition to the strength of the wallboards. The kinetic studies related to the rehydration process are studied similar to the calcination step. These kinetic studies gives us scope for better understanding the process of gypsum wallboard. i.e the amount of water required for rehydration and also the amount of additives that can be added to the gypsum mixture to retain the chemical stability of the gypsum composition required for the wallboard manufacturing. Similar to the first step this step is studied for the time, temperature and rate of reaction in the open environment and later in the laboratory environment by using kettle. In the kettle the hemihydrate and hydride forms of calcium are reacted with the water and the obtained product is subjected to the XRD and SEM studies to determine the state of product. This is the second step in our research. The final step in our research is the lab scale preparation of gypsum wallboard which involves the dihydrate form of calcium sulfate react with the sufficient amount of water to form slurry. Theoretically about 18.6 parts of water is required to react with the 100 parts of gypsum but to get a slurry, excess of water (about 80 to 85 parts) is reacted with 100 parts of gypsum. In this step water along with 10-30 wt. % of starch such as corn starch is added to obtain milk of starch. Next about 0.1 -1.5 wt.% of amolytic enzyme such as ÃŽ ± amylase based on the starch is added and heated to the decomposition point of the starch with stirring. After the heating is stopped enzyme deactivating agent based on the starch is added in the range of 0.8 to 1.0 wt. % and mixed with water to obtain a starch paste. To the prepared starch material the calcination product is added along with water and vermiculite, glass materials which improve the fire resistance property of the gypsum wallboard. This mixture is agitated in slow motion to obtain a slurry. This slurry form of gypsum is poured into a paper sheets such as paper boards. The edges of the paper is folded upwards to retain the slurry form of gypsum. The other end of the product is covered with another paper material which helps to retain the structure of the gypsum board. This mixture is subjected to heating by using hot air press which is useful to remove the excess water and to obtain a specific structure of the gypsum board. This process is continued until all the excess water is removed. It is dried in the temperature range of 50 ËÅ ¡C-200 ËÅ ¡C. Starch paste such as denatured starch and dextrin is used as an auxiliary adhesive to prevent calcination of the crystal of gypsum dihydrate and dehydrated to give a gypsum hemihydrate in drying at high temperatures. Also to prevent separation of the gypsum core member from both paper board, hardening modifier are added to the raw material of the gypsum core member. It is effective that starch paste along with water in the gypsum core member and both paper boards migrate during drying at high temperatures, and cover the crystal of gypsum dihydrate due to water retention capability of the starch paste which developed into the fiber of the paper boards so as to prevent the calcination and dehydration of the crystals. The obtained wallboard is subjected to different analytical techniques such as Thermogravimetric analysis, Thermomechanical analysis, XRD, SEM and Differential scanning calorimetry as discussed in the calcination and rehydration step. BUDGET AND BUDGET JUSTIFICATION LAB SCALE PREPARATION OF GYPSUM WALLBOARD: Materials and supplies: A minimum of 50 pounds of raw gypsum is required to make the gypsum wallboard and test its fire resistant property by adding the additives such as starch, dextrose, glass fibers. Initially a wallboard is made without adding any additives and for that about 5 pounds of the powder is used and tested for its properties. Similarly by adding the additives wallboard are made and tested for its properties. If the properties observed are similar to the standard fire resistant properties, variations in the additives is done and another wallboard is made to test for its fire resistant property. This procedure is followed until a wallboard with improved fire resistance is observed. REFERENC5 ASTM C1396/C1396 M-01. Standard specifications for gypsum board. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, 2001. Yu, L.; Brouwers, J.H. Thermal properties and microstructure of gypsum board and its dehydration products: A theoretical and experimental investigation. Fire mater.2012, 36,575-589. Baux,C.; Melinge , Y.; Lanos , C.; Jauberthie,, R. Enhanced gypsum board panels for fire protection. J. Mater civil eng. 2008, 20, 71-77. Isa, K.; Oruno, H. Thermal decomposition of calcium sulfate dehydrate under self-generated atmosphere.Bull. Chem.Soc.Jpn. 1982, 55, 3733-3737. Borrachero, M.V.; Paya, J.; Bonilla,M.; Monzo, J. The use of Thermogravimetric analysis technique for the characterization of construction materials-The gypsum case. J.Therm.Anal.Cal.2008, 91, 503-509. Anderson, L.; Jannson, B. Analytical fire design with gypsum: Atheoretical and experimental study. Lund, Institute of Fire Safety design, 1987. Green, G.W,; Sundberg, D.G. Fire resistant gypsum- core wallboard. U.S.Patent 3,616,173.1971. Freyer, D.; Voigt.W. Crystallization and phase stability of CaSO4 and CaSO4 based salts. Monatsch chem.2003, 134, 693-719. Sultan, M.A.; Roy, P. Gypsum board fall off temperature in floor assemblies exposed to standard fires. 11th International fire science engineering conference, London, UK, 2007, 979-991. Thomas,G. Thermal properties of gypsum plaster board at high temperatures. Fire mater, 2006, 26, 37-45. Benichou, N.; Sultan, M.A. Thermal properties of light weight framed construction components at elevated temperatures. Fire Mater.2007, 31, 425-442. Wakili, G.k.; Hugi, E. Four types of gypsum plaster boards and their Thermophysical properties under fire condition. J.Fire Sci. 2009, 27, 27-43. Beard, A.; Carvel, R. The hand book of tunnel fire safety, ed.; Thomas Telford publishing; Heron Quay, London, 2005. Elliott, C. Plaster of Paris Technology. Chem. Trade J. 1923, 72, 725-726. Manzello, S.L.; Gann, R.G.; Kukkuck, S.R.; Lenhert,D.B. Influence of gypsum board type (X or C) on real fire performance of assemblies. Fire Mater.2007, 31,425-442. BUDGET AND BUDGET JUSTIFICATION 1

Prevention :: Environmental Economy Chemicals Essays

Prevention Prevention entails keeping all cleaning agents, gasoline, paints, glues, thinners, and other household products in locked or inaccessible cabinets. These products should never be used in closed spaces, and areas should be extensively aired out after product use. Even with adequate room ventilation, it is probably prudent to avoid exposing children altogether (see case 4, below). Tell parents to avoid bringing children to nail salons and to keep children out of newly remodeled rooms that may be off-gassing solvents from carpet and wallpaper glues. Dry-cleaning should be aired out in the yard or an open garage for one day before being brought into the house, and car windows should be open when transporting freshly dry-cleaned clothes. w). As in the home, art supplies used at school should be nontoxic. "Acceptable Children's Art and Craft Materials," a list of 2,500 nontoxic art materials, is available from the California Department of Health Services.34 Clinicians must be alert to pare nts who might be exposing their children to solvents in the home though a number of hobbies, including silk-screening, furniture restoration, model building, and illegal drug labs (an increasing problem in certain communities).35 Finally, children should be screened during the well-child interview for any drug abuse, including the use of "legal" substances such as solvents. The best way to dispose of solvents is to use them up as intended. Otherwise, solvents should be treated as hazardous waste and disposed through a licensed hazardous waste handler.36 † The interesting thing about this advice to try to avoid any contact with chemicals in our life is that it is impossible. If a breast fed baby is not able to avoid toxins, none of us are. For a day, I made a point to read the labels of products I used and food I ate. I found that most of the ingredients I could not pronounce and had no idea why it was in the product or what it did. I also learned that most of what I use and consume contains either high fructose corn syrup or sodium laureth sulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate. I do not think that is necessarily good but I only hope it isn’t really bad. From Now with Bill Moyers, transcript: MOYERS: Of the 3000 or so high production volume chemicals in use in this country today only 43% have been even minimally tested. Only about 10 percent have been thoroughly tested to examine their potential effects on body part was getting set up on that day of development.

Customers’ culture Essay

Once, one of our teachers told us that in order to ensure the success of our business, we must associate our potential products with the culture of our target market. It is in fact better if we are able to make our products become part of the customers’ culture itself. This is because doing so may not only translate to higher sales upon our entry to the market but, also, to a good amount of loyal customers. The more you position a product as if it is part of the customers’ daily lives, the more they would use it, the more they would demand for it. This may be great news for the entrepreneurs out there but is it also great news for the market that they are trying to penetrate? Coca-cola is one of the companies that I admire in terms of their marketing strategies. In my opinion, they are one of the companies that best produce advertisements and promos that fit consumer interests. I am often amazed how they manage to tweak various situations and events and put Coke in the picture to become part of our lives. I commend them for being so effective in making us feel what they want us to feel. On the contrary, I dislike them for being able to do so. Coca-cola’s ability to effectively deliver messages through certain media also gives them the power to influence numerous people just in a few moments. That saying, it would only take Coca-cola or any other firm a few moments to change a part of our lives somehow the way they want to without us knowing. The 1950s commercial of the company in the Philippines clearly showed us various things about the country, the Filipinos, our culture, and how their product became part of us. It was reflected in the advertisement how the entry of foreign entities gradually changed our way of doing things. We became more civil in the eyes of the foreigners; however, we’ve became rude for forgetting a part of our culture. From having get together of villagers that is full of dances and accompanied by food and drinks to backyard gatherings wherein people just sit, talk and eat sandwiches and juices. From enjoying native Filipino sports such as Sepak Takraw to becoming a lover of western sports. Slowly we are embracing the culture that wasn’t ours but was just merely injected by the foreign entities that came to our country. A perfect depiction of this scenario was a painting done by Antipas Delotavo entitled â€Å"Ang Itak sa Puso ni Mang  Juan†. In his painting, a Filipino old m an can be seen standing, with his shoulders dropped, head slightly bowed down, and face looking sad. His posture and gesture resembles that of a man who has just surrendered and no longer has the power to continue the fight. On the background, the famous logo of Coca-cola can be seen. It was the tail of the company’s letter â€Å"C†, however, that made the painting more interesting. The tail of the letter â€Å"C† was shaped like that of a dagger and was pointed to the heart of the old man. The Coca-cola background shows how the Western companies have dominated us in a way that we are unaware of. They have become bigger and managed to penetrate our land and countrymen without us noticing it immediately. They showed us how better off we are and will be with them operating in our lands as they said in the commercial. The only difference now is that these foreign entities were able to restructure their strategies and sugar coated their way to us. The coming in of these foreign firms and other entities is like a dagger to us, our culture, and our country because although we could say that we are improving economically speaking; we are placed in a situation that endangers our identity as a Filipino citizen. Unfortunately, we are almost giving up.

Animal Experimentation Should Be Eliminated - 1656 Words

Is it really necessary to use and abuse animals in medical research? People’s opinions on this topic will vary but as strong as an opinion can be, there is more to it than just that. After reading a lot of different articles on animal testing, it has not been as beneficial to humans as we think. People misunderstand the cruelty and torture animals are put through in their lives, and are unaware or just simply don’t understand the procedures and techniques that they endure. Animal experimentation should be eliminated. Animal testing is unethical and inhumane and should be eliminated, seeing as there are safer ways to test products. Innocent animals are locked inside cages in laboratories languishing in pain. All they want to do is roam free but instead they ache with loneliness. Annually over one hundred million animals are used for a variety of painful and torturous experimentations, also knows as vivisection, every year – without accountability. Animals used for experiments did not choose to donate their bodies to science. All they can do is wait for the next for the next terrifying and painful procedure that will be performed on them. Animals should not be experimented on because they are living, sentient beings. There are alternatives due to modern and up coming technology, and because the majority of what is tested on animals fails in humans. (The State of Animal Research) â€Å"Only approximately one percent of animals utilized in research are covered by the Animal WelfareShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation And Its Effects On Human Life And Survival965 Words   |  4 PagesInstructor Miguel Ma rrero English 1302 September 18, 2014 Animal Experimentation The various experiments are performed on living animals especially to test the effects of chemical compounds such as new drugs, cosmetics, food additives and pesticides. The application of animals to test a large number of products from household compounds and cosmetics to pharmaceutical has been considered to be a normal strategy for many years. Animal experimentation has existed since ancient times and contributed to humanRead More Its Time to Stop Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation1594 Words   |  7 PagesTime to Stop Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation    Using animals in research and to test the safety of products has been a topic of heated debate for decades. According to data collected by F. Barbara Orlans for her book, In the Name of Science: Issues in Responsible Animal Experimentation, sixty percent of all animals used in testing are used in biomedical research and product-safety testing (62). People have different feelings for animals; many look upon animals as companionsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Testing1394 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Laboratory Animal Resource Center, â€Å"more than 100 million animals are killed in experiments each year in the United States† (qtd. in Technology). Animal experimentation is a scientific process that tests chemical substances on animal subjects versus human subjects to see how they react with the different body systems. This process has been used all over the world, but today, it is used in very few places around the world. Animal experimentation can be used f or cosmetic research toRead MoreThe Facts About Animal Experimentation1138 Words   |  5 PagesThe Facts About Animal Experimentation Animal experimentation is the use of animals in research or projects involving the safety of foods, drugs, or other substances. It is a part of almost everything we use in our everyday lives. These tests can be performed on a variety of animals. There are also many different ways to perform these tests. Animal testing affects all of the lives around us. Both animals and humans are affected by this in a range of different ways. Animal testing can be shown throughRead MoreAnimal Rights : Where Are The Limits?1680 Words   |  7 PagesAdrianna Steele Dr. Beutel ENG 101 November 18, 2014 Animal Rights: Where Are The Limits? Do animals deserve the natural rights humans have? Animals are being kept captive in science labs to test many things. In research labs they are used to test many trivial products and they are also used in valuable medical research. Many animal right activists go as far as breaking the law as an attempt to get the point across about the wellbeing of animals in science labs instead of being civil about the mannerRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1502 Words   |  7 Pagesthat animal testing is beneficial to the advancement of human knowledge, while animal rights’ activists claim that animal testing is not humane and violates animals’ rights. The controversy over animal testing is best understood as a disagreement about whether animal testing is beneficial to humans. Each year more than 100 million animals are killed in the U.S. Every country has a law that permits medical experimentation on animals. While some countries protect particular kinds of anima ls fromRead MoreEssay about Animal Rights1553 Words   |  7 Pagesissue of animal experimentation is a widely debated topic in the United States. A fundamental question of this debate is whether the functions of animal testing and research are morally and ethically justified. In the viewpoint of the pro-research community, animal testing is a necessary practice. They support this position by stating that humans, instinctually, prioritize their own survival above other animals thus making any use of animals justifiable (Fox 5). The supporters of animal testing believeRead MoreAnimal Testing: What if You Were in Their Place? Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pageschemicals into the eyes of the animal to see how much irritation it will cause, a process known as the Draize eye irritancy test (Rabbits in Laboratories | PETA.org. 1). The test is certainly not pain free; it often causes distress, such as redness, swelling, and sometimes blindness. After the rabbits are finished being toyed wit h, they are killed (Rabbits in Laboratories | PETA.org. 1). The Draize eye irritancy test is just one of the thousands of examples of profuse animal testing that has been goingRead MoreEssay about Animal Testing605 Words   |  3 PagesAnimals have long sense been a part of human life. The dog for example is thought to have been the first animal to be domesticated by humans, sometime around 13,000–10,000 B.C., from wolves. It is not known for sure how humans gained the trust of the Canines but in any event they did, and soon found dogs to be reliable companions. Animals have aided us any many ways, from offering protection and companionship. They should be respected and loved for loyalty; however it has been a very common practiceRead MoreAnimal Rights : Animal Or Its Organs And Tissues Are Used1335 Words   |  6 Pagesthe experimental procedures, either a whole animal or its organs and tissues are used. For this purpose animals are euthanized (killed) by established metho ds. Many times, the animals surviving the clinical testing are euthanized at the end of an experiment to avoid the later pain and distress (Rusche, 2003). In some cases (for example in LD 50 analysis) animals die as a result of the experiment. The pain, distress and death experienced by the animals during scientific experiments have been a debating

The Theory of Finance and the Business Investments the Business and the Financial Risks Free Essay Example, 5000 words

The managers of the firms take credit rating aspect into consideration at the time of making decisions relating to capital structure. For instance, it was reported by Wall Street Journal (2004) that EDS used the equity route to raise $1 billion in order to avoid and downgrade in its credit ratings. As reported by Barrons (2003) Lear Corp lowered its debt level in order to receive a higher bond rating from the BB-plus from the credit rating agency Standard Poors. In 2002, it was reported by WSJ that the Fiat company was working towards narrowing down its debt exposure on fears of a possible credit rating downgrade. In the studies conducted by Graham Harvey (2001), it has been revealed that credit ratings are considered to be crucial by the company CFO at the time of capital structure determination. Nearly 57% of the CFOs admit that the credit ratings play an important role in the choice of equity and debt. In fact, it has been reported by Graham Harvey that credit ratings are more crucial than various factors recommended by the traditional theories on a capital structure like interest tax shield. We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of Finance and the Business Investments: the Business and the Financial Risks or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The level of credit ratings determines whether certain investor groups like pension funds or banks can invest in the bonds issued by the firm. Moreover, the credit ratings give information to the market participants with regard to firm quality thereby influencing their investment behaviour. If the market participants consider ratings to be informative, the firms are grouped on the basis of this rating and therefore any change in the ratings leads to distinct changes in the cost of capital of the firm. Other than this, a change in the credit rating can trigger events that can result in various costs like a change in the coupon rate of the bond, loss of valuable contract or make commercial paper market inaccessible. The empirical tests conducted by Kisgen evaluate whether the decisions relating to the capital structure are impacted by credit rating concerns. His studies reveal that business entities with a rating of minus or plus like AA- or AA+ issue lesser amount of debt as compared to firms that do not have a rating of minus or plus like AA.

The Sociology Of Rape Culture - 1524 Words

In feminist theory, rape culture is a setting in which rape is pervasive and normalized due to societal attitudes about gender and sexuality. The sociology of rape culture is studied academically by feminists. There is disagreement over what defines a rape culture and as to whether any given societies meet the criteria to be considered a rape culture. The notion of rape culture has been used to describe and explain behavior within social groups, including prison rape, and in conflict areas where war rape is used as psychological warfare. Entire societies have been alleged to be rape cultures. Evidence suggests that rape culture is correlated with other social factors and behaviors. Rape myths, victim blaming, and trivialization of rape have been found to be positively correlated with racism, sexism, homophobia, ageism, classism, religious intolerance, and other forms of discrimination. Origins and usage The term rape culture was first coined in the 1970s in the United States by second wave feminists, and was applied to contemporary American culture as a whole. During the 1970s, second-wave feminists had begun to engage in consciousness-raising efforts designed to educate the public about the prevalence of rape. Previously, according to Canadian psychology professor Alexandra Rutherford, most Americans assumed that rape, incest, and wife-beating rarely happened. The concept of rape culture posited that rape was common and normal in American culture, and that it was oneShow MoreRelatedGender Socialization : The Real World1442 Words   |  6 Pagesto act a certain way based on their â€Å"gender†. Through the following agents: family, schools, peers, and media, gender socialization is emphasized and made very real in the world today. 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Strategic Cost Management Comprehensive Analysis

Question: Describe about the Strategic Cost Management for Comprehensive Analysis. Answer: Introduction The report is aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the public sector departments in Australia. The report provides both the financial and the nonfinancial aspects of both the Government departments. The report further shows the exploration of the literature review with respect to the use of strategic management techniques, which is most promeinetly, related to the improvement of the selected Governmental agencies. The report also provides the objectives and the strategies of the selected organization. The latter part of the report discussed about the key strengths and the weakness in terms of the availability of the resources and capabilities of the selected Governmental department. The two Government departments of Australia selected of the purpose of this assignment are Australian defense industry and Department of immigration and border protection. The Australian defense force (ADF) established in the year 1903 was founded with the basic principle to drive the self-reliance of the defense system in Australia. The defense industry operations are accountable to Commonwealth parliament, which efficiently which is represented by the people of Australia and aims to effectively carry out the defense policies of the Government of Australia (Commonwealth of Australia, 2016). The department of the immigration and border protection is responsible for the immigration and adherence to the customs border policy. The department directly comes under the jurisdiction of commonwealth of Australia, with its sole motto to develop Australia through a well managed and settlement of the people. The department is headed by the department of sectary of the department of immigration and border protection. It has been furher noted that the administrative arrangements are broadly classified in to matters relating to various types of the ethnic affairs, border immigration control, entry stay and departure of the non citizens. It also provides the various types of the facilities for the people who are in need of services such as citizenship of Australia (Border.gov.au. 2016). Public Sector Analysis Department of Defense Scope of the Department The scope of the department is seen in form of total employee strength of 65647 (as recorded in the year 2016) employees and maintaining an annual budget of $ 32.4 billion. Impact of Australian GDP The department of defense constitutes 1.92% of the total GDP of Australia. The total amount allocated by the Government of Australia to the defense organization is $ 31.9 billion in the present financial year of 2015-2016. This is seen as an increase of $ 25.4 billion allocated in the previous year. Nonfinancial Impact The non-financial impact is seen in form of The Australian Defense Force (ADF) and Financial Services Consumer Centre (ADF Consumer). These institutions are responsible for providing independent and professional financial education assistance to the ADF members so that the ADF personnel can experience a greater benefit in terms of the financial security (Adfconsumer.gov.au. 2016).The non financial impact is also seen with possession for various types of the nonfinancial assets of the company. These assets include Land Buildings, specialty military equipment, infrastructure, plant and equipment, intangibles and many more. The total possession of the non-financial assets of the defense department is seen to be around 80 million in the year 2014-2015. Financial Impact The chief financial officer of the department of defense is responsible for driving the improvement program for the defense and the make the necessary financial amendments for the improvement in the defense activities. The financial benefits are seen in form of providing assistance during short term financial difficulties or emergencies. In a distressed situation, the members of the ADF can access the different types of financial services such as loans and grants through the welfare services. The financial assistance is further is seen in form of departments application of various types of schemes related to Home ownership assistance, which helps the members of the ADF to achieve the home ownership and offering the eligible members a subsidy for the interest. The department is also responsible for providing financial assistance through salary packaging system, which allows the defense employees to restructure the income and deal in range of pre tax products. This is done through Navy Relief Trust Fund, Army Relief Trust Fund or RAAF Welfare Trust Fund. The department is further seen to have an income of $ 51 Million in the year 2014-2015 (Defence.gov.au. 2016). The defense expenditure as a proportions to the total expenditure and proportion of the GDP is shown below with a line graph as follows Figure 1: Defense expenditure as a proportion total expenditure and GDP (Source: Aph.gov.au.2016) Department of Immigration and border protection Scope of the Department The scope of this department is seen with total employee strength of 8506. It has been further observed that the annual budget of the Department of Immigration and Border Protection is 15 million, with a total funding of 46 million. Impact of Australian GDP The department of immigration and Border Protection has been seen with a total contribution of 5.9 percent in the GDP per growth. The GDP is further expected to grow by 10% in the year 2050 (Australia.gov.au.2016). Nonfinancial Impact The department of the immigration has taken several initiatives such as humanitarian program, citizen program and border security program and immigration detention programs. In year 2016-17 the administered assets is expected to increase by $ 54.3 Million from $ 208087.7 million. This particular increase is mainly seen due to the increase in the overall non-financial assets. It has been further seen that the non-financial assets of the company comprises of the property, plant and equipment, land building, intangibles and inventories. The highest amount of the non- financial assets is seen in land and building of the company. It has been observes that the department is maintaining a total of $ 1402691. The treatment of the immigration is further seen in the conceptual framework of the Inter-Generational Reports. The immigration features are seen as the exogenous inputs of the size of the population and the segregation of the same based on the age and gender (Dss.gov.au. 2016). The dif ferent types of the en financial assistance is seen in form of adhering to the formalities for the people entering or leaving Australia, people seeking Visa support and individual requiring the support for studying in Australia. The migration rationale to the Australia has been shown below with then diagram as follows: Figure 2: Rationale and outcome of migration to Australia (Source: Border.gov.au. 2016) Financial Impact The overall financial performance of the department is seen with an operating deficit of $ 85.3, million. The department is further seen to incur an amount of $ 109.9 million as the departmental depreciation cost. The financial impact of the department of immigration and Border Protection has been studied with the help of the studying net cost of the services and other comprehensive income of the company. It has been observed that the Immigration department contributes negatively. The loss from the comprehensive income attributable to the Government of Australia is $ 53 Million. This is mainly due to the increased cost of the services such as suppliers, personal benefits, grants and subsidies, depreciation and amortization and the increase in the values related to the impartment cost of the assets. Although the depart is able to earn a total revenue of $ 1880110 in the year 2015, but due to the increased cost of the aforementioned expenses of the company it is not able to maintain th e adequate level of the cost of the services (Border.gov.au. 2016). Literature into Public Sectors use of strategic management techniques Department of Defense The defense strategy of the Government is prepared based on the response of the interest of the of the military force. The basic interest of the strategic defense is seen in form of three strategic defense interest is seen in form of the significance of the strategic defense planning. The basic strategy is seen in form of securing the country from any form of threat from other countries. The strategic management concepts implemented in the current system is directly related to the concepts of alliance and mergers (Smith 2015). At present, the Department of Defense aims to focus on strategies related to enhancement of ADF capability and maintenance of a high axis and intelligence for military capability and collaborating with United States. The main goals of the department also lies in generating and sustaining Australias global and regional influence and accentuate more on the security partnerships through effective deployment of the ADF needs. The department further aims to strength en the international security residence. This is done by supporting a strong regional security architecture, which is aimed to protect Australias interests and avoid risk of portion and instability due to conflicts of various opinions (Flanagan 2016). In order to achieve the present strategic objectives the defense team of Australia has entered into bilateral defense relationship with arrangements made for multiple security needs. The benefits of the various types of the alliances are seen in form of alliance with countries such as United States, China, Japan, Malaysia, UK, New Zealand and Republic of Korea. The strong alliance with United States will ensure that the ANZUS treaty signed in the year 1951 provides a formal basis of the relationship (Davis 2016). The treaty mainly recognized that the armed attack in the Pacific area of the United States or Australia could pose a threat to both the countries and hence this needed to be prevented. The strategic management concepts are also seen in terms of leadership skills. With respect to the leadership skills United States had shown several international coalitions respond to the global challenges in combating power and making influence for bringing both the country as to whether in cluding Australia and sharing the burden of international security and paving the way for meaningful contributions in terms of international coalitions (Marquis et al. 2016). Department of Immigration and border protection The main strategic objectives of Department of immigration and border protection are seen in the interconnection of the modern world with the exposed activities and the geopolitical developments made in several corners of the globe. The department aims to resolve the growing concerns relating to conflicts, instability and factors driving civil unrest and epidemic corruption in the fragile areas of the world. It works for assisting the flow of the displaced individuals in continuing their present challenge for procedure concern the bilateral and multilateral effort and thereby ensures the coordination among the people (Pickering and Weber 2013). The strategic management conceptualization is also seen with advancements made with technology and implementing various tools such as biometric technology and data analytics and several initiatives taken for management of people, goods and issues concerning the border security. The government of Australia for the purpose of digital transformat ion and easy availability of the services have laid an augmented focus to the business enterprises. The exposure to the technological constraint is becoming important for increased cyber attack and crypto currency (Border.gov.au. 2016). The key strategic objective of the department of immigration and border protection seen in form protecting the country, promotion of responsive migration, advancement in trade and revenue and enhancing the technology and border innovation. (Border.gov.au. (2016). The department further aims to work based on a cohesive and secure policy framework, which is designed to support the government expectations. It is further seen as a targeted deregulation, which acts as the most important tool for meeting the requirements of clients, industry and business. The department further ensures that the policy development and the accountability of the program is in line with the migration and visa reform agendas of the government. The department is responsible for setting the appropriate delivery channels and meets the different requirement of the clients (Hollifield, Martin and Orrenius 2014). The various types of strategies further aims for maintaining the highest form of integrity relating to the Australia citizenship program needs and promotion of the acquisition and recognition within the community. The policy set by the department directly relates to the strategic ability to acquire and use the identity information through several developmental, international, and inter-jurisdictional agreements and promotion of using greater amount of biometric technology. The department further ensures to measure the developmental and implementation agendas decorated into the effective skills targeting and temporary or permanent migration program of the clients. It also supports for continuous enhancement with the implementation of students program and making the ongoing development for a robust and sustainable communication strategy, which promotes the overall acquisition and value of Australian citizenship (Nethery, Rafferty-Brown and Taylor 2013). Presentation of departments objectives and strategies Department of Defense The strategic defense objectives of the department are formulated different the strategic defense interests. The government of Australia has prepared a three equally weighted strategic defense objectives for outlining the government expectations and use of military power with respect to strategic defense interests. The strategic defense objectives are mentioned below as follows: Deter, defeat and denial of attacks or threats to the Australian land and protecting its national interest and the northern approaches. Making an effective contribution in terms of supporting the securities of Southeast Asia and the government of Timor-Leste, Pacific Island countries and Papua New Guinea Contribution of the military capabilities for the coalition operation and supporting the countrys interests in terms of rule based on the global orders (Moroney et al. 2013) The strategies of the Department of Defense are Prepared According to the future challenges and the development, which can be made in both global and regional environment are classified as both short term and long term strategies. The elaboration of the Pacific strategies is given below as follows: Deter, defeat and denial of attacks or threats (Long Term): - the government is responsible for providing enhanced domestic security capabilities for responding to the threats of terrorism attacks within Australia. The specialized strategic support will be seen in form of protection of countries offshore oil and gas infrastructure and in order to protect these the government of Australia will taken several initiatives in assigning of tactile assault groups who can be deployed rapidly support the local enforcement of operations.. The government has further decided to invest on the ADF capabilities for ensuring the effective contribution of combating counterterrorism at domestic level. This will further include enhancement of tactile mobility, situational awareness of Special Forces and advancements made in equipment and weapons. The strategic objective also includes countering the growing threat of the cyber terrorism and hence the government will take several improvements and initiat ives for protecting the national cyber security gave capabilities and protecting the informational networks of ADF. Supporting the security of maritime Southeast Asia Timor-Leste, Pacific Island countries and Papua New Guinea (Short Term): the government of Australia will seek to continue the security partnerships in aiding the most important program of Pacific maritime security program and replacement of the patrol boats to the 12 Pacific Island countries, which will be initiated, from the year 2018. The government further strives to work with the Pacific Island countries for strengthening the internal, border security challenges and providing natural resource to build strong resilience for facing natural disasters. This strategy also includes production of lives of Australians were staying abroad the proximity of the country and providing adequate evacuation operation in a situation of emergency whether it is a consequence of instability or a response to the natural calamity in that particular region. The defense will take further several initiatives for providing disaster relief security and st abilization operations in Bougainville and respond to devastations caused in tropical cyclone Pam at Vanatu in the year 2015. The area was observed to enhance the maritime operations and amphibious capabilities for providing a more responsive assistance to the neighboring regions as and when required. Contribution to the military capabilities (Short Term).: Australia is seen to have a sophisticated and expanding military gullibility and the current military contribution is seen as a multinational partnership between United States in combination with the maritime forces fighting in Middle East region responsible for eliminating terrorism, smuggling drugs and piracy. The government has decided to provide continuous support with the special forces in the international coalition to defeat Daesh and regularly monitoring the progress of the same. The government is further seen to maintain important contribution for providing provisions in providing assistance for humanitarian and disaster relief programs in the Indo Pacific region. Australia is known for being the most active supporter of United Nations and the same will be depicted in terms of the defense need in providing a tailored contribution to the operation of US and supporting the growing needs of the country in future. Hence th e government strives to continue working with United States and responding to the global security challenges and targeted the funding to help you and in developing standards and training for peacekeeping operations. Department of Immigration and border protection The strategic objective of immigration and border protection lies in the development and operation planning at national level. The objectives of the department seen in form of: Providing protection to Australia Promotion of a more responsive migration policy Advancement in trade and revenue Leading of border innovation The strategic initiatives taken by the government is explained below as follows: Providing protection to Australia (Long Term) - the Government of Australia has taken several initiatives to maintain sovereignty and protecting the borders of the country across both the land and the maritime operations. It has further taken the initiatives to contribute to the law enforcement and the outcomes from the national security. It has also taken the necessary initiatives to maintain the security within the country and ensured integrity and people, systems and information. The initiatives are also taken in case of managing trade risks in border continuum and issues related to trade risk. Promote responsive migration (Long Term) - The strategies are related to facilitating the movement and the providing support to the Australian economy and strengthen the overall social cohesion. The Government is also responsible to contribute to the Global management of the displaced populations and the assisting the refugees. It has further taken several strategies for prevention of the unauthorized people across the border of the continuum. Advance trade and revenue (Short Term) The Government has taken several initiatives to optimize and legitimize the trade operations across the borders of the different countries and prohibit the flow of the goods. It is also related to the management and enhancement in the collection of the revenue. Lead border innovation (Long Term) - The various types of the strategies are related to enhance the technology and strengthen the border operation of the country. The developments have been further seen in the developments of the organizational and the technological innovations for an effective flow of management of the border operations. The Government of Australia has collaborated into effective collaboration within Australia and supports the necessary objectives of the country Strengths and Weakness of the departments Department of Defense Strengths The main strengths are seen with its bilateral alliance with China and United States. This will help to protect significantly the Indo-Pacific region of the country. Weakness The weakness is seen in the limited storage facility of the ammunition supplies providing adequate safety standards in the planning of the facilities. The Department of defence was unable to procure effectively the H-60 spare parts in the year 2015. Opportunities The Australia and the indo pacific region are on the verge of showing a significant amount of transformation, which will result in a greater opportunity for increased demand of goods and services. Threats The threats are related to terrorism at home and abroad. Moreover, the spread of the extremism is on the verge of being worsened by foreign terrorist fighters. Department of Immigration and border protection Strengths The department is significantly able to contribute in achieving of strong national security, economy and promotion of a prosperous and cohesive society and opportunity for more revenue. The department has been able to provide continued amount of support for managing the physical border and the offshore operations in both air and maritime operations (Immigration.gov.mw. 2016). Weakness Inadequate physical infrastructure is seen as the major weakness. Apart from this the department lacks human and financial resources. The weakness are further seen in lack of training, work orientation, absence of deliberate policy, declining work ethics, unavailability of adequate training institution and poor record management system. It has been further seen that the department does not consider recruiting fresh graduates which are in line with the departmental job description (Immigration.gov.mw. 2016). Opportunities The department needs to constant consultation with the key stakeholders and the partners for the enhancement in the ownership. The department further needs to continuously improve the performance measurement tools and continuously monitor the objectives. It also needs to formulate a reward system, which can enhance then staff morale and consolidate with the efficiency of the work performance (Immigration.gov.mw. 2016). Threats The threats are seen in form of unavailability of a personal chapter in the Republican constitution. There is also absence of local and international training programs. The threats are also seen in form of increased number of the illegal immigrants, regional conflicts and wars. It has been further observed that the in several instances the travelling document generated is fraud due to corrupt practices concerning the human resource system (Immigration.gov.mw. 2016). Performance measurement of the departments Department of Defense The department is seen to maintain a strong alliance with United Sates and China. The main strength is seen in form providing significant amount of protection to the country and ensuring security in the Indo-Pacific region of the country. The department of defense is seen to be responsible for the protection of the country and the promotion of the various types of the responsive policies pertaining to migration. The agency is further seen to make the necessary strategies for the advancements in the trade and revenue sector. The objective is also seen as making innovations leading to the border innovation policies. Department of Immigration and border protection The main strength of the department is seen in maintaining a unique knowledge of the public sector, which arises from the capacity building in public management and administration. It is further seen that the department is responsible legally mandated to perform variety of types of the operational, performance. It has further given the opportunity to generate more amount of revenue to the country and in attempting for reducing corruption within the country. Then long-term objectives of the department is seen in form of providing various types of the initiatives to maintain the sovereignty and provide protection to the borders of Australia. Department of Immigration and border protection has also taken the necessary initiatives to maintain the security within the country and ensured integrity and people, systems and information. The long-term objective is further seen in promoting a responsive migration plan. The department is observed to be responsible enough to contribute to the Glo bal management of the displaced populations and the assisting the refugees. The short- term objective is seen in promoting optimize and legitimize the trade operations across the borders of the different countries and prohibit the flow of the goods. Lastly then long-term objective of the country is seen in form leading border innovation program. This is related to the enhancing the technology and strengthening the border operation of the country. Recommendation The analysis based on the two-commonwealth department of the Government clearly states that department of defense is in a better position to contribute to the overall welfare of the country. It has been also observed that the department maintains a positive comprehensive income of $ 510933000. The department of immigration and border protection on the other hand is seen to be in an inferior condition with operating deficit of $85.3 million in the year 2015. Conclusion The report provides an extensive analysis of the various types of the objectives and strategies implemented by the department of defense and immigration and border protection. It can be further observed that the department of defense is in a better position to contribute to the economy both financially and non-financially. Although department of defence only constitutes a smaller portion in the GDP it is still observed to perform better than the latter industry List of Reference Adfconsumer.gov.au. 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